The Nature Of Military Power - 2256 Words

What is the nature of military power and how should it be used to serve national interests? These fundamental questions form the foundation of military strategy. Various answers developed by civilian and military theorists over the past century all center on the idea of controlling conflict by rationally applying military power to achieve a desirable outcome. However, as economic, social, and political contexts evolve, they redefine ideas about power, its utility, and its application. As a result of this reciprocal relationship, theories of strategy, itself an amorphous concept, change. Corbett’s Some Principle of Maritime Strategy, Slessor’s Air Power and Armies, Wylie’s Military Strategy: A General Theory of Power Control, and†¦show more content†¦Besides Mahan, the navy’s focus on decisive battle reflected the thinking of Continental strategic theorist Carl von Clausewitz. Corbett’s principles draw heavily upon Clausewitz, particul arly his emphasis on war being a continuation of policy XXX and the importance of correctly identifying the type of war in which a nation engaged XXX. Corbett’s use of Clausewitz was unique, since he was attempting to apply theories for land warfare to conflict at sea. Corbett attempted to apply concepts from land warfare to war upon the sea in an attempt to shape the thinking of his contemporaries. However, Corbett differed from Mahan and Clausewitz by deemphasizing the importance of fleet engagements in battles of annihilation. Instead, he focused on the necessity of maneuver to place the enemy at a disadvantage, as well as to control sea lines of communication. Corbett emphasized that these actions best suited an island nation like Britain XXX. He strove to place naval strategy within a larger framework of a maritime strategy working in conjunction with ground forces in support of limited war to protect national interests. Corbett’s focus on limited war was important because it emphasized using limited forces to maximum advantage in order to protect the nation’s economic livelihood. He realized that this was crucial for an island nation like Britain needed to use multiple instruments of

Global Warming Is A Problem - 1654 Words

Imagine this, it is one hundred and two degrees outside. The polar ice caps are gone, along with all the people and animals dependent on them for their survival. Long, intense heat waves continue scorching the Earth, and the destruction from natural disasters is on the rise. There is a reason behind all of this madness; this reason is global warming. Global warming is a problem that some people choose to ignore. They claim it does not exist. Global warming is real. It is time for people to stop ignoring it and start searching for a solution. Although many people do not believe in global warming, blaming the climate change on the sun, global warming is a serious danger to the Earth because it could have serious effects on the plant and†¦show more content†¦The melting ice cube symbolizes the melting of the ice caps, and as it melts there will be more water in the glass, symbolizing the rise in sea level. This is an example of an elementary science experiment that proves just how simple it is to understand the effects of global warming. The shift of plant and animal ranges is caused by the changing climate. Places that had been too cold for certain plants and animals are now warming up and may be warm enough to allow different plants and animals to live there then had in the past. While other, already warm, places may become too hot for certain plants and animals. Carbon Dioxide is one of the key contributors to the concept of global warming, because it is so easily released in our world today. Carbon dioxide comes from natural processes. It comes from burning fossil fuels, volcanic eruptions and even a person’s own breathing. This concentration of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere is measured in parts per million. Before the Industrial Revolution, there was around 280 parts per million of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere. Now there are 395.93 parts per million as of October 2014, according to CO2Now.org. This shows a dramatic increase, over one third, in the atmospheric concentration of carbon dioxide and the number is still increasing. Scientists have said that the damages will be irreparable if the concentration reaches 450 parts per

Research in Nursing Qualitative Researches

Question: Discuss about the Research in Nursingfor Qualitative Researches. Answer: Comparing Qualitative with Quantitative Approaches Research Question- Qualitative researches are exploratory in nature as its main purpose is to investigate the rationale behind a research topic. On the other hand, quantitative research focuses more on classifying features and conducting statistical analysis to explain the phenomenon of investigation. The research question for quantitative research differs based on descriptive, comparative or relation-based investigation. Questions are framed in quantitative research by identifying different types of variable in a topic and writing the issue or problem the research is going to investigate in the form of question (Punch, 2013).The qualitative research question determines the degree to which a research clarifies a phenomenon and the research question focus on why and how of any phenomenon (Agee, 2009). The research question for conducting a qualitative research investigating the experience of depression in adolescents is What kind of lived experience of depression is seen in adolescents between 11 and 17 years with mild to severe depression?. Sample Recruitment- In qualitative research, sampling technique can be done by non-probability sampling such as purposive sampling, snow ball sampling and quota sampling. In qualitative research, purposive sampling is used to select participants who represent a wide range of perspective or who meet specific criteria. Hence, the advantage of purposive sampling method is that it target specific population which can give insight about the research topic. However, the weakness of this method of sampling recruitment is that there is chance of biasness as the sample has been selected based on the judgment of researcher and their judgment may not have clear criteria (Palinkas et al., 2015). In contrast to qualitative research, quantitative research sampling is done by probability sampling where sample is systematically selected from a known population and the sample represent a target population. The four type of probability sampling technique include random sampling, stratified random sampling, cluster sampling and systematic sampling. In probability sampling, the population of interest is decided first and probabilistic algorithm is used to select the sample. To obtain the result, the responses from the sample are combined based on selection probabilities. The advantage of probability sampling in research is that it is cost-effective approach and less-time consuming compared to purposive sampling technique. Hence, in non-probability sample, the selection approach is specific whereas in probability sampling the selection approach is random (Denscombe, 2014). For the qualitative research of experience of depression in adolescents, sample will be taken according to purposive sampling technique and participant who been referred to mental health services in London for depression will be taken. The inclusion criteria for sample recruitment will include moderate to severe depression and age between 11-17 years. Data Collection- Qualitative data collection is done by semi-structured or unstructured techniques to uncover thoughts and opinion about a process. This can be done by individual or group interview, focus groups and observation. The strength of qualitative data collection method is that researcher can guide the interview question and evaluate issues in detail. As qualitative research data is gained from human experience, reliable data is obtained compared to quantitative research and the researcher has the feasibility to revise research as soon as new facts emerge. However , the limitation of the qualitative research is that data interpretation process is delayed due to the quantity of date and confidentiality issue also arise during publishing the results of the study (Katz, 2015). As quantitative research tries to quantify attitudes, experience, behavior and other variables in a sample population, the data collection is done by online survey or mobile surveys, telephone interview, face-to-face interview, online polls and longitudinal study. The strength of quantitative data collection method is that it is based on descriptive statistics and it helps to break data based on variance such difference in age groups. Hence, quantitative data collection approach supports easy interpretation of data and statistical significance helps to find real results. The limitation of quantitative research is that too many data cannot be obtained from structured data collection tools and data collected from self-reports may be inaccurate (Rubin Babbie, 2016). To collect data on lived experience of adolescent in depression, a qualitative interview will be done and the semi-structured interview process will explore the following areas related tp depression- What difficulties brought you to mental health services? How they could they understand the difficulty and trouble in life due to depression? How you try to cope with depression? What is your expectation from mental health service? Data Analysis- Qualitative research data can be analyzed by categorization of data based on descriptive account or by interpretive analysis through coding data. The coding process in data analysis is open, axial and selective and common themes begin to emerge by categorizing, tabulating and recombining the themes. Analysis can also be done based on ethnography, phenomenology and grounded theory. Qualitative data analysis is useful in research as it looks deeper into feelings and behavior and provides a rationale regarding why people react in certain ways. However, limitation in analysis is seen because data collection process is time consuming and so small sample size is taken to reduce cost and time for research. Hence, as the sample size is small, it is not possible to generalize the result of the research (Smith et al., 2015). Quantitative data analysis is done to support or contradict research hypothesis and the analysis is influenced by level of measurement such as nominal, ordinal, interval and ratio data. Data analysis is done by data tabulation, disaggregating the data and applying advance analytical procedures such as correlation, regression and analysis of variance. The advantage of quantitative data analysis approach is that it promotes the generalization of result due to large sample size and lead to greater objectivity and accuracy in research. Quantitative method also allows comparison across categories with other similar studies. The limitation is that collection of narrower data set yield better results (Suen Ary, 2014). For research on experience of depression in adolescents, framework data analysis will be used to manage and analyze large number of data. The data will be analyzed by listening to interview and reading transcripts. The data will be organized by systematically coding the data in different categories. The date in each category will then be summarized and mapped to interpret the data (Midgley et al., 2015). Findings and Generalizations- Qualitative research methods are more flexible and results findings may be exploratory, descriptive or explanatory. The validity of the research finding can be determined by the accuracy of representation of the phenomenon and validity is maintained through constant comparison or triangulation strategy. Hence the strength of the finding is that the data obtained is powerful and reliable and there is less chance of missing any complexities in research. The weakness in result arises when the volume of data is too large and quality of research is dependent on individual skills of the researcher (Anderson, 2010). Quantitative research yields numerical data behind a phenomenon and it helps to find relation between dependent and independent variable within a population. The experimental or descriptive research design helps in evaluating causal relationship and generalizing concepts. The presentation of the data through charts and graphs helps in providing clarity regarding research problem. The limitation in finding is that error in hypothesis may yield erroneous findings (Lewis, 2015). In case of qualitative research study on adolescents with depression will give different themes related to results such as misery, despair, social isolation, impact on education and employment and anger and violence (Midgley et al., 2015). Grounded Theory Approach and Qualitative Research Grounded theory is the systematic approach to qualitative research aimed to construct theory based on data analysis. By this approach, researcher collects data, reviews them and tags main concept into different codes. During the data collection and analysis phase, core theoretical concepts are identified by developing linkage with the date and the main concepts. The collection of different codes and categories helps in the development of middle-level theories arising from data analysis. Hence, the logic behind the use of grounded theory in qualitative research is to build a theory on a phenomenon of interest based on data analysis (Morse et al., 2016). The grounded theory design is useful in qualitative analysis because it promotes conceptual analysis of qualitative and legitimizes scientific enquiry process. Grounded theory is used in topic where a broad explanation is needed for a process and existing theories about the phenomenon is not adequate. Hence it helps to study a process or a phenomenon (Lewis, S. (2015). By the constant comparative method, a phenomenon is selected and few local concepts around the phenomenon is identified. To collect data, this form of research begins with theoretical sampling where open-ended sampling strategy such as interviews are done and then it moves to a focused sample group during the iterative process of data collection and analysis. The purpose of theoretical sampling is to achieve theoretical saturation level. Comparison groups are created to understand the relevance of the group in the development of emergent categories of theories (Eisenhardt, Graebner, Sonenshein, 2016). Reference Agee, J. (2009). Developing qualitative research questions: a reflective process.International Journal of Qualitative Studies in Education,22(4), 431-447. Anderson, C. (2010). Presenting and evaluating qualitative research.American journal of pharmaceutical education,74(8), 141. Denscombe, M. (2014).The good research guide: for small-scale social research projects. McGraw-Hill Education (UK). Eisenhardt, K. M., Graebner, M. E., Sonenshein, S. (2016). Grand challenges and inductive methods: Rigor without rigor mortis.Academy of Management Journal,59(4), 1113-1123. Katz, J. (2015). A theory of qualitative methodology: The social system of analytic fieldwork.Mthod (e) s: African Review of Social Sciences Methodology,1(1-2), 131-146. Lewis, S. (2015). Qualitative inquiry and research design: Choosing among five approaches.Health promotion practice, 1524839915580941. Midgley, N., Parkinson, S., Holmes, J., Stapley, E., Eatough, V., Target, M. (2015). Beyond a diagnosis: the experience of depression among clinically-referred adolescents.Journal of adolescence,44, 269-279. Morse, J. M., Stern, P. N., Stern, P. N., Faan, N., Corbin, J., Bowers, B., ... Clarke, A. E. (2016).Developing grounded theory: The second generation. Routledge. Palinkas, L. A., Horwitz, S. M., Green, C. A., Wisdom, J. P., Duan, N., Hoagwood, K. (2015). Purposeful sampling for qualitative data collection and analysis in mixed method implementation research.Administration and Policy in Mental Health and Mental Health Services Research,42(5), 533-544. Punch, K. F. (2013).Introduction to social research: Quantitative and qualitative approaches. Sage. Rubin, A., Babbie, E. R. (2016).Empowerment Series: Research Methods for Social Work. Cengage Learning. Smith, J. A. (Ed.). (2015).Qualitative psychology: A practical guide to research methods. Sage. Suen, H. K., Ary, D. (2014).Analyzing quantitative behavioral observation data. Psychology Press.

What is a philosophical argument an Example of the Topic Psychology Essays by

What is a philosophical argument? We make arguments not because we want to make conflict with others but to lay down our assertions and claims with credibility and truthfulness. This is where philosophical argument comes in. A philosophical argument contains a conclusion, where the claim of the argument is located, and the premises, which are primarily composed of proofs and evidences that support the given conclusion. It is normal that we prove the validity of the arguments based on how the conclusion and the premises are represented and given in the philosophical argument. Coherence between these two essential components of a philosophical argument should strictly be considered. Need essay sample on "What is a philosophical argument?" topic? We will write a custom essay sample specifically for you Proceed College Students Often Tell EssayLab specialists: Who wants to write paper for me? Specialists propose: Find Your Helping Hand! Intuitively, we judge that if the premises are true the conclusions should also be true. However in testing a philosophical arguments validity, it can be the case that a philosophical argument contains one or more false premises which may affect the credibility of the conclusion. Also, a false conclusion can still be considered valid in a philosophical argument. Furthermore, when the conclusion and the premises are true, and they are proved to be formally valid, they are considered as sound argument. The soundness of a philosophical argument strictly depends on the representation of the premises. A premise may lose an arguments soundness if it fails to convince a person even if the premise is true. Logical fallacies are the very common disturbances that may undermine the argument. The argument may be sound but the truth of the premises and even the conclusions are problematic. Hence it is noteworthy to take into consideration the formulation of the premises as well as the conclusion. Another important point that needs to be stressed is that a philosophical argument may either be made deductively or inductively. We say that a philosophical argument is framed deductively when the reasoning suggests that the conclusion follows necessarily from the given premises. On the other hand, a philosophical argument is said to be formulated inductively if the conclusion gets its truthfulness based on the premises. Lastly, it is also noteworthy to consider the degree of force of the argument. A philosophical argument is said to have a great force if it is framed deductively where the conclusion is essentially made up from the premises. Ones argument is always open for refutations thus it is very important that the argument is formulated with validity, soundness and effectiveness. In order to illustrate how a philosophical argument is formulated, below is an excerpt from Socrates Apology: I reasoned with myself that I was wiser than this man. For it appears that neither of us knows any thing beautiful or good: but he indeed not knowing, thinks that he knows something; but I, as I do not know any thing, neither do I think that I know. Hence in this trifling particular I appear to be wiser than him, because I do not think that I know things which I do not know. (Helm) Examining the above example, here is how we transform it into a formal argument: Proposition/Claim: Socrates is wiser than the man. Premise1: Neither Socrates and the man knows anything beautiful or good. Premise2: The man thinks he knows something that is beautiful or good. Premise3: Socrates does not think that he knows anything beautiful or good. Conclusion: Socrates is wiser than the man. Analyzing the given formal argument of a philosophical argument, the argument is valid because the conclusion follows from the given premises, in which case the premises are set as true; the argument is sound and effective it is never intelligible to say that you know everything for in fact you do not. Socrates admitted that he did not know anything that is beautiful or good thus he is wiser than the man who claims to be knowledgeable of such for in fact he does not. References: Helm, James J. Plato: Apology. Rev Sub edition ed: Bolchazy-Carducci Publishers, 1997. Taylor, Charles. Philosophical Arguments ed: Harvard University Press, 1997. Weston, Anthony. A Rulebook for Arguments Hackett Pub Co Inc, 2000.